For an actual battery system, in addition to the electrode active substances involved in the battery, there should be many other structural materials such as conductive agents, bonding agents, collectors, diaphragms, outer casings, etc., and so, the actual plurality of batteries are often large. It is lower than its theoretical value. In fact, the actual amount of the battery is affected by this factor, and is also largely subject to the degree of reaction that the battery react can actually achieve, and the actual output voltage. The above influencing factors are referred to as voltage efficiency (class) and quality efficiency (pumping), and reaction efficiency.The so-called voltage efficiency refers to the ratio of the actual output voltage of the battery and the electromotive force. Since the electromotive force is only a theoretical voltage value obtained from the thermodynamic angle, the actual output voltage of the battery involves the kinetic properties of the reaction system, and therefore, the latter is lower than the former, and its ratio is less than 1. The decrease of the voltage reduction is determined by the electrochemical polarization, concentration polarization of the electrode reaction, and the ohmic polarization of the system. Among them, ohmic polarization includes polarization caused by contact resistance, solid phase resistance, and liquid phase resistance of the electrolyte solution.
Therefore, to achieve high voltage efficiency, it is necessary to select a substance having high electrochemical activity as an electrode active material, and develop an electrolyte system with high conductivity characteristics, while minimizing the solid phase resistance of the system. Contact resistance. The so-called reaction efficiency refers to the maximum actual battery reaction, that is, the utilization of the active substance. The reason for the decrease in the utilization rate of electrode active material is mainly has various side reactions (such as replacement hydrogenation reaction in aqueous solution cell), electrode surface passivation, and electrode structural powder.
Therefore, it is necessary to avoid the reaction efficiency of the electrode material to avoid and suppress the occurrence of the above phenomenon. For example, an increased electrode surface area, improve the electrode porosity or add a suitable additive or the like to eliminate or delay the negative electrode passivation.
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